Jealousy in Three Dramatic Monologues by Browning Essay -- Robert Brow

Jealousy in Three Dramatic Monologues by Browning The poems 'My Last Duchess', 'Porphyria's Lover' and 'The Laboratory' are three dramatic monologues, theatrical tales of bitter jealousy told by anonymous, murderous lovers. 'My Last Duchess' and 'Porphyria's Lover' use the simple idea of cruel male domination to portray the narrator's jealousy, as these two men do not know any other way of controlling their seemingly flirtatious lovers' behaviour. They try to completely possess their women as objects, and such a need for power seems to be a pure statement of irrational jealousy. The following quotations show this idea clearly and, although the later is not direct to the murder of his lover, it is plain that the narrator is cruel, objective possessiveness. "I propped her head up as before." This quotation clearly shows that Porphyria's lover did not seem to understand the full consequence of murdering this woman, an idea which is also quite apparent in my last duchess, as the Duke certainly appears to brag about his wife's flirtatious behaviour, and it stopping. Returning to the idea of cruel male domination, though, this is obviously apparent in 'My Last Duchess' when the Duke suddenly proclaims the following; "Notice Neptune, though, taming a sea-horse." I would argue that Neptune is representative of the Duke, 'taming' though I would suggest imprisoning, brutally dominating a beauty of nature, which is representative of the Duchess, whom the Duke violently 'tamed' also. This idea is not so apparent in 'The Laboratory' because the narrator is female. We do, however, see her plotting the murder of her adulterous husband, so in a way is trying to 'tame' him too. Cruel, male domination... ...ithee?" The woman has bought a poison to kill her husband's lover with, which is a typical murder weapon of women, and also the most vicious of the three murders, as it would be the most painful for the victim. Murder, therefore, is the main presentation of jealousy in the three poems, and gives us considerable insight to the point of the narrator, because the poems are dramatic monologues. The narrators cannot see that their jealousy has overridden natural behaviour because they simply couldn't control and dominate their lover's behaviour. In conclusion, therefore, jealousy is presented throughout the poems as an ultimate need for control and brutal domination, leading to the irrational behaviour of the narrators, and unprecedented murder through inability to control their own behaviour, let alone anyone else's, and of course, their own jealousy.

Representation and Stuart Hall’s the Other

Representation connects meaning and language to culture. Theories about how LANGUAGE is used to represent the world: * the reflective, Does language simply reflect a meaning which already exists out there in the world of objects, people and events? * the intentional Does language express only what the speaker or writer or painter wants to say, his or her personally intended meaning? * the constructionist Or is meaning constructed in and through language? this perspective has had the most significant impact on cultural studies in recent years.Two major variants or models of the constructionist approach – the semiotic approach (Ferdinand de Saussure) and the discursive approach (Michel Foucault). It is simple enough to see how we might form concepts for things we can perceive -people or material objects, like chairs, tables and desks. But we also form concepts of rather obscure and abstract things, which we can't in any simple way see, feel or touch. Think, for example, of our c oncepts of war, or death, or friendship or love.And, as we have remarked, we also form concepts about things we never have seen, and possibly can't or won't ever see, and about people and places we have plainly made up. We may have a clear concept of, say, angels, mermaids, God, the Devil, or of Heaven and Hell. Culture Now it could be the case that the conceptual map which I carry around in my head is totally different from yours, in which case you and I would interpret or make sense of the world in totally different ways. We would be incapable of sharing our thoughts or expressing ideas about the world to each other.In fact, each of us probably does understand and interpret the world in a unique and individual way. However, we are able to communicate because we share broadly the same conceptual maps and thus make sense of or interpret the world in roughly similar ways. That is indeed what it means when we say we ‘belong to the same culture'. Because we interpret the world in roughly similar ways, we are able to build up a shared culture of meanings and thus construct a social world which we inhabit together. That is why ‘culture' is sometimes defined in terms of ‘SHARED MEANINGS/CONCEPTUAL MAPS'.However, a shared conceptual map is not enough. We must also be able to represent or exchange meanings and concepts, and we can only do that when we also have access to a shared language. LANGUAGE is therefore the second system of representation involved in the overall process of constructing meaning. At the heart of the meaning process in culture, then, are two related ‘systems of representation'. The first enables us to give meaning to the world by constructing a set of correspondences or a chain of equivalences between things -people, objects, events, abstract ideas, etc. and our system of concepts, our conceptual maps. The second depends on constructing a set of correspondences between our conceptual map and a set of signs, arranged or org anized into various languages which stand for or represent those concepts. The relation between ‘things', concepts and signs lies at the heart of the production of meaning in language. The process which links these three elements together is what we call ‘representation'. 1. 2 Language and representation Sheep, cartoon and abstract painting. Visual signs are what are called iconic signs.That is, they bear, in their form, a certain resemblance to the object, person or event to which they refer. Written or spoken signs, on the other hand, are what is called indexical. 1. 3 Sharing the codes The question, then, is: how do people who belong to the same culture, who share the same conceptual map and who speak or write the same language (English) know that the arbitrary combination of letters and sounds that makes up the word, TREE, will stand for or represent the concept ‘a large plant that grows in nature'? The meaning is not in the object or person or thing, nor is it in the word.It is we who fix the meaning so firmly that, after a while, it comes to seem natural and inevitable. It is constructed and fixed by the CODE, which sets up the correlation between our conceptual system and our language system. Codes fix the relationships between concepts and signs. They stabilize meaning within different languages and cultures. One way of thinking about ‘CULTURE' is in terms of these†¦ shared conceptual maps, shared language systems and the codes which govern the relationships of translation between them.This translatability is not given by nature or fixed by the gods. It is the result of a set of social conventions. To belong to a culture is to belong to roughly the same conceptual and linguistic universe, to know how concepts and ideas translate into different languages, and how language can be interpreted to refer to or reference the world. To share these things is to see the world from within the same conceptual map and to make sense of i t through the same language systems. [Inuit and English terms of snowy weather] Does this necessarily mean they experience the snow differently? . 4 Theories of representation Reflective approach meaning is thought to lie in the object, person, idea or event in the real world, and language functions like a mirror, to reflect the true meaning as it already exists in the world. As the poet Gertrude Stein once said, ‘A rose is a rose is a rose'. In the fourth century BC, the Greeks used the notion of mimesis to explain how language, even drawing and painting, mirrored or imitated Nature; they thought of Homer's great poem, The Iliad, as ‘imitating' a heroic series of events.So the theory which says that language works by simply reflecting or imitating the truth that is already there and fixed in the world, is sometimes called ‘mimetic'. And if someone says to me that there is no such word as ‘rose' for a plant in her culture, the actual plant in the garden canno t resolve the failure of communication between us. Within the conventions of the different language codes we are using, we are both right -and for us to understand each other, one of us must learn the code linking the flower with the word for it in the other's culture.Intentional approach. (the opposite case. ) It holds that it is the speaker, the author, who imposes his or her unique meaning on the world through language. Words mean what the author intends they should mean. Again, there is some point to this argument since we all, as individuals, do use language to convey or communicate things which are special or unique to us, to our way of seeing the world. However, as a general theory of representation through language, the intentional approach is also flawed.We cannot be the sole or unique source of meanings in language, since that would mean that we could express ourselves in entirely private languages. But the essence of language is communication and that, in turn, depends on shared linguistic conventions and shared codes. Language can never be wholly a private game. Our private intended meanings, however personal to us, have to enter into the rules, codes and conventions of language to be shared and understood. Language is a social system through and through.This means that our private thoughts have to negotiate with all the other meanings for words or images which have been stored in language which our use of the language system will inevitably trigger into action. Constructivist approach The third approach recognizes this public, social character of language. It acknowledges that neither things in themselves nor the individual users of language can fix meaning in language. Things don't mean: we construct meaning, using representational systems – concepts and signs.We must not confuse the material world, where things and people exist, and the symbolic practices and processes through which representation, meaning and language operate. Constructi vists do not deny the existence of the material world. However, it is not the material world which conveys meaning: it is the language system or whatever system we are using to represent our concepts. It is social actors who use the conceptual systems of their culture and the linguistic and other representational systems to construct meaning, to make the world meaningful and to communicate about that world meaningfully to others.Representation is a practice, a kind of ‘work', which uses material objects and effects. But the meaning depends, not on the material quality of the sign, but on its symbolic function. It is because a particular sound or word stands for, symbolizes or represents a concept that it can function, in language, as a sign and convey meaning – or, as the constructionists say, signify (sign-i-fy) 1. 5 The language of traffic lights We represent or symbolize the different colours and classify them according to different colour-concepts.This is the concep tual colour system of our culture. We say ‘our culture' because, of course, other cultures may divide the colour spectrum differently. What's more, they certainly use different actual words or letters to identify different colours: what we call ‘red', the French call ‘rouge' and so on. This is the linguistic code -the one which correlates certain words (signs) with certain colours (concepts), and thus enables us to communicate about colours to other people, using ‘the language of colours'.But how do we use this representational or symbolic system to regulate the traffic? Colours do not have any ‘true' or fixed meaning in that sense. Red does not mean ‘Stop' in nature, any more than Green means ‘Go'. In other settings, Red may stand for, symbolize or represent ‘Blood' or ‘Danger' or ‘Communism'; and Green may represent ‘Ireland' or ‘The Countryside' or ‘Environmentalism'. Even these meanings can change. In the ‘language of electric plugs', Red used to mean ‘the connection with the positive charge’ but this was arbitrarily and without explanation changed to Brown!But then for many years the producers of plugs had to attach a s1ip:of paper telling people that the code or convention had changed, otherwise how would they know? Red and Green work in the language of traffic lights because ‘Stop' and ‘Go' are the meanings which have been assigned to them in our culture by the code or conventions governing this language, and this code is widely known and almost universally obeyed in our culture and ‘cultures like ours –though we can well imagine other cultures which did not possess the code, in which this language would be a complete mystery.Does it matter which colours we use? No, the constructivists argue. This is because what signifies is not the colours themselves but (a) the fact that they are different and can be distinguished from one another ; and (b) the fact that they are organized into a particular sequence. What signifies, what carries meaning is not each colour in itself nor even the concept or word for it. It is the difference between Red and Green which signifies. If you couldn't differentiate between Red and Green, you couldn't use one to mean ‘Stop' and the other to mean ‘Go'. The simplest way of marking difference is, of course, by means of a binary opposition. Saussure’s revolutionary proposition =: a language consists of signifiers, but in order to produce meaning, the signifiers have to be organized into ‘a system of differences'. It is the differences between signifiers which signify. ) In principle, any combination of colours – like any collection of letters in written language or of sounds in spoken language – would do, provided they are sufficiently different not to be confused.Constructionists express this idea by saying that all signs are ‘arbitrary'. †˜Arbitrary' means that there is no natural relationship between the sign and its meaning or concept. Signs are arbitrary. Their meanings are fixed by codes. Since Red only means ‘Stop' because that is how the code works, in principle any colour would do, including Green. It is the code that fixes the meaning, not the colour itself. This also has wider implications for the theory of representation and meaning in language. It means that signs themselves cannot fix meaning.Instead, meaning depends on the relation between a sign and a concept which is fixed by a code. Meaning is ‘relational'. 1. 6 Summary Representation is the production of meaning through language. Constructionists argue we use signs, organized into languages of different kinds, to communicate meaningfully with others. Languages can use signs to symbolize, stand for or reference objects, people and events in the so-called ‘real' world. But they can also reference imaginary things and fantasy worlds o r abstract ideas which are not in any obvious sense part of our material world.There is no simple relationship of reflection, imitation or one-to-one correspondence between language and the real world. The world is not accurately or otherwise reflected in the mirror of language. Language does not work like a mirror. Meaning is produced within language, in and through various representational systems which, for convenience, we call ‘languages'. Meaning is produced by the practice of representation. It is constructed through signifying – i. e. meaning-producing- practices. How does this take place? In fact, it depends on two different but related systems of representation.First, the concepts which are formed in the mind function as a system of mental representation which classifies and organizes the world into meaningful categories. If we have a concept for something, we can say we know its ‘meaning'. But we cannot communicate this meaning without a second system of representation, a language. Language consists of signs organized into various relationships. But signs can only convey meaning if we possess CODES which allow us to translate our concepts into language -and vice versa. These codes are crucial for meaning and representation.They do not exist in nature but are the result of social conventions. They are a crucial part of our culture – our shared ‘maps of meaning' -which we learn and unconsciously internalize as we become members of our culture. Meaning is not fixed. For many centuries, western societies have associated the word BLACK with everything that is dark, evil, forbidding, devilish, dangerous and sinful. Yet perception of black people in America in the 1960s changed after the phrase ‘Black is Beautiful' became a popular slogan -where the signifier, BLACK, was made to signify the exact opposite meaning (signified) to its previous associations.In Saussure's terms, ‘Language sets up an arbitrary relation between signifiers of its own choosing on the one hand, and signifieds of its own choosing on the other. Not only does each language produce a different set of signifiers, articulating and dividing the continuum of sound (or writing or drawing or photography) in a distinctive way; each language produces a different set of signifieds; it has a distinctive and thus arbitrary way of organizing the world into concepts and categories' (Culler, 1976, p. 23).

Native American Stereotypes in Film and Television

The 2013 remake of â€Å"The Lone Ranger,† featuring Native American sidekick Tonto (Johnny Depp), renewed concerns about whether the media promotes stereotypical images of Native Americans. In film and television, American Indians have long been portrayed as people of few words with magical powers. Often the Indians in Hollywood are dressed as â€Å"warriors,† which perpetuates the notion that Natives are savages. On the other hand, Native American women are depicted as beautiful maidens sexually available to white men. Collectively, the stereotypical images of American Indians in Hollywood continue to influence public perception of this racial group. Beautiful Maidens While the media often portrays Native American men as warriors and medicine men, their female counterparts are typically portrayed as beautiful Indian maidens. There is the maiden on the cover of Land O’ Lakes butter products, Hollywood’s various representations of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Pocahontas† and Gwen Stefani’s controversial portrayal of an Indian princess for No Doubt’s 2012 music video for â€Å"Looking Hot.† Native American author Sherman Alexie tweeted that with the video No Doubt turned â€Å"500 years of colonialism into a silly dance song and fashion show.† Representations of Native American women as â€Å"easy squaws† have real-world consequences. American Indian women suffer from high rates of sexual assaults, often perpetrated by non-Native men. According to the book Feminisms and Womanisms: A Women’s Studies Reader, American Indian girls are also often subjected to derogatory sexual comments. â€Å"Whether princess or squaw, Native femininity is sexualized,† writes Kim Anderson in the book. â€Å"This understanding finds its way into our lives and our communities. Sometimes, it means constantly having to fend off the advances of people with an appetite for the ‘Other.’ It may involve a continual struggle to resist crass, sexualized interpretations of one’s being†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Stoic Indians Unsmiling Indians who speak few words can be found in classical cinema as well as in cinema of the 21st century. This representation of Native Americans paints them as one-dimensional people who lack the full range of emotions that other groups display. Adrienne Keene of the Native Appropriations blog says that portrayals of indigenous peoples as stoic can largely be traced to the pictures of Edward Curtis, who photographed American Indians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. â€Å"The common theme throughout Edward Curtis’s portraits is stoicism,† Keene explains. â€Å"None of his subjects smile. Ever. †¦To anyone who has spent any time with Indians, you know that the ‘stoic Indian’ stereotype couldn’t be further from the truth. Natives joke, tease, and laugh more than anyone I know—I often leave Native events with my sides hurting from laughing so much.† Magical Medicine Men Like the â€Å"Magical Negro,† Native American males are often portrayed as wise men with magical powers in film and television shows. Usually medicine men of some sort, these characters have little function other than to guide white characters in the right direction. Oliver Stone’s 1991 film â€Å"The Doors† is a case in point. In this film about the famed rock group, a medicine man appears at key moments in Jim Morrison’s life to shape the singer’s consciousness. The real Jim Morrison may have really felt that he connected with a medicine man, but his thinking was likely influenced by Hollywood depictions of American Indians. In all cultures, there have traditionally been individuals with an impressive knowledge of the healing qualities of plants and herbs. Yet, Native Americans have been portrayed in film and television time and time again as medicine men who have no other purpose but to rescue hapless white people from harm. Bloodthirsty Warriors In films such as â€Å"The Last of The Mohicans,† based on James Fenimore Cooper’s book of the same name, there is no shortage of Indian warriors. Hollywood has traditionally portrayed Native Americans as tomahawk-wielding savages thirsty for the white man’s blood. These brutes engage in barbaric practices such as scalping and sexually violate white women. The Anti-Defamation League has attempted to set this stereotype straight, however. â€Å"While warfare and conflict did exist among Native Americans, the majority of tribes were peaceful and only attacked in self-defense,† the ADL reports. â€Å"Just like European nations, American Indian tribes had complex histories and relationships with one another that sometimes involved combat, but also included alliances, trade, intermarriage and the full spectrum of human ventures.† As the character, Thomas-Builds-the Fire notes in the film â€Å"Smoke Signals,† many First Nations peoples have no history of being warriors. Thomas points out that he came from a tribe of fishermen. The warrior stereotype is a â€Å"shallow† one the ADL asserts, as it â€Å"obscures family and community life, spirituality, and the intricacies inherent in every human society.† In the Wild and on the Rez In Hollywood films, Native Americans are typically found living in the wilderness and on reservations. In reality, considerable numbers of First Nations peoples live off the reservation and in major U.S. cities. According to Washington University in St. Louis, 60 percent of the Native American population lives in cities. The U.S. Census Bureau reports that New York, Los Angeles, and Phoenix boast the largest populations of Native Americans. In Hollywood, however, it’s rare to see an aboriginal character living in a metropolitan area.

The On Video Clip ( S ) - 2073 Words

1. Other than what is stated in the lesson plan(s), what occurred immediately prior to and after the video clip(s) that is important to know in order to understand and interpret the interactions between and among you and your students? Please provide any other information needed to interpret the events and interactions in the video clip(s). Prior to the start of my video segment, my students had just come back from P.E class. Most of them were tired and sweaty and were having a hard time focusing. I allowed students to get drinks of water quickly before the bell rang and then started the period by correcting homework from the previous night. During the correcting process, students were expected to provide me with their answers and also a rationale as to why they solved that problem the way they did. Once all questions had been answered and students felt comfortable moving on, they were asked to take out their â€Å"focus sheets† to begin working on their warm-ups. Said focus sheets require students to write down a â€Å"focus† question about the unit and to record relevant vocabulary definitions from the section. On this particular day, there were no new vocabulary words. Typically, students are expected to write down the textbook definition of any vocabulary words, restate said definition in their own wo rds and draw a representation of such. Immediately after my video segment ended, the students were given their homework for the day. They then had about thirty seconds to collectShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing The Video Clip ( S ) Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pages1. Which lesson or lessons are shown in the video clip(s)? Identify the lesson(s) by lesson plan number. [ EdTPA Lesson plans 1 and 2 are shown in the video clips.] 2. Promoting a Positive Learning Environment Refer to scenes in the video clip(s) where you provided a safe, respectful, and organized learning environment. a. Describe how you provided a positive, low-risk emotionally and physically safe environment. [ I promote a positive, low-risk and emotionally and physically safe environment inRead MoreLessons From The Video Clip ( S ) Essay1888 Words   |  8 PagesWhich lesson or lessons are shown in the video clip(s)? Identify the lesson(s) by lesson plan number. [ EdTPA Lesson plans 1 and 2 are shown in the video clips.] 2. Promoting a Positive Learning Environment Refer to scenes in the video clip(s) where you provided a safe, respectful, and organized learning environment. a. Describe how you provided a positive, low-risk emotionally and physically safe environment. [ I promote a positive, low-risk and emotionally and physically safe environment in manyRead MoreLesson Plan For The Classroom Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagespage total. 1. Which lesson or lessons are shown in the clip(s)? Identify the lesson(s) by lesson plan number. Describe any changes in the lesson plans for the lessons shown in the clip(s) and the reasons for those changes. [ Lesson plan 1(one) is shown in the video. ] 2. If applicable, provide any additional information (beyond that provided in Planning Task 1) needed to understand the learning environment or interactions seen in each clip. a. Identify the district, school, cooperating teacher,Read MoreRationale And Hypotheses : Police Manuals : Criminal Deception And Deception1208 Words   |  5 PagesSpecifically, the participants saw 50 video clips of 50 different individuals (23 women and 27 men). 15 of the clips included suspects accused of crimes, like rape, murder, arson, and theft. 11 of the clips consisted of married individuals. 14 clips showed undergraduate and graduate students. The remaining 10 clips consisted of business owners. The individuals in the clips were all different, thus no one individual showed up more than once. The individuals in the video clips were asked to answer questionsRead MoreMy First Year Of An Infant s Gross Motor Skill1095 Words   |  5 Pagesare head control, segmental rolling, sitting, crawling, standing and walking. Each milestone is then broken down into phases to show the progression of the gross motor skill and when each phase typically occurs. Each milestone is accompanie d by a video clip that demonstrates the progression of the milestone. Why the topic was chosen I chose motor development in infants from birth to one year because I have always been interested infants. I also have two children age 1 and 2 which makes me even moreRead MoreLoftus And Palmer Reconstruction Of Eyewitness Testimony1647 Words   |  7 Pages1974 ‘Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction’ which tested the hypothesis that an eyewitness testimony can be altered by the type of language used. To test this, Loftus and Palmer designed two experiments where the participants viewed a series of videos portraying automobile accidents and were then asked to answer specially designed questions based on the events just witnessed. The first experiment consisted of forty-five students and were split into five groups who were all exposed to diverse conditionsRead MoreThe World Of Social Media Sites981 Words   |  4 Pagesapp; Instagram can only be downloaded from the IOS market or the android market. IG short for Instagram is a way to take photos and share your momen ts from your phone. Instagram allows the user to post photos and video onto their home feed so friends can view and like their photo or video. To get started with Instagram all you need is a email from any platform and a password, it’s one of the most simple apps you will find. Once you have an account, you can notify your friends straight from yourRead MoreTranscendentalism : Henry David Thoreau And Ralph Waldo Emerson847 Words   |  4 Pagesour video clips and music. We used clip converter to download our videos and music from youtube. The workload was split between us taking turns finding quotes, movie clips, and pictures. Jordan: Ethan and I did this project on freedom. We had struggles with getting the movie clips to download. This was the biggest problem of this project. My job in this group was to set up the first half of the imovie, putting in quotes, pictures, and movie clips. I think that we should have a few more videos inRead MoreAnalysis Of Coco Fusco And Gomez Pena s Satirical Piece Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesCoco Fusco and Gomez-Pena’s satirical piece was designed to exhibit â€Å"[the] Western concept of the exotic, primitive Other[s]† and even implicitly demean how Westerners view the â€Å"Others†(143) . While Fusco’s live performance was the actual reactions of the audience, but Fusco’s video â€Å"The Couple in the Cage† had other factors that gave the watchers a different view of the satirical piece. But, Fusco does not examine the role of her editorial decisions which leading the watchers into her own bias viewsRead MoreInvestigating The Ability Of A Controlled Variable1055 Words   |  5 Pageswith transitivity as well as consistency. II. Rationale for the Study The authors pursued this study to experiment with a controlled variable. The authors suggested that presently there were three main research studies conducted to test children s ability to answer questions, but the experimental methods differed. As a result of these differences, the experiments could not be compared or determined to be reliable. The Matthews et al. (2006) study tested the children using a (â€Å"What happened?†)

How did pop art challenge beleifs in consumerism Essay

How did pop art challenge beleifs in consumerism Introduction: In order to discuss pop art I have chosen to examine the work and to some extent lives of Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol who were two of the main forces behind the American movement. I intend to reflect the attitudes of the public and artists in America at this time, while examining the growing popularity of pop art from its rocky, abstract expressionist start in the 1950s through the height of consumer culture in the 60s and 70s to the present day. Roy Liechtenstein, (fig 1) was born in 1923 into to a middle class Hungarian family living in New York, there was no artists on either side of his family and throughout Liechtenstein’s schooling there were no art†¦show more content†¦He continued his education at the Carnegie Institute in Pennsylvania graduating with a BA in Fine Art. Warhol moved to New York in 1948-49 where he started work as a graphic designer, creating adverts for fashion magazines such as Glamour, Vogue and Harper’s Bazaar. Andy Warhol shot to fame and soon became highly respected as a commercial artist. †Tina Fredrick, then art director of Glamour† says â€Å"She was thrilled by Andy’s drawings but could not find a commercial use for them. She told him his drawings were good, but Glamour could only use drawings of shoes at the moment. The next day Warhol came back with 50 drawings of shoes† footwear being an important part of his advertising career until the mid 1960s. In 1949 Harvey J Earl of General Motors pioneered ‘Planned Obsolescence’. He realised that by adding fashionable products when new trends come in older products would be discarded in favour of the latest fashion. This realisation changed consumerism forever and was the start of a consumer culture, which was to spread rapidly. In the 50s it was for the most part an American phenomenon due to the fact that they had the money and manufacturing productivity to make it possible, for example, â€Å"the affluence of America meant that almost every family owned a car† and food rationing was unthinkable while in Briton the opposite was

The Influence of Western Cowboys in America Free Essays

Have you ever seen a typical American Western Movie? If so, I think it’s not difficult to form an image of western cowboys in your mind. Then what do they look like? A boy, wearing felt hat and riding boots with dagger and handgun on the waist, press his two legs powerful which makes the horse speed away. In a word, west cowboys are the heroes on horsebacks. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Western Cowboys in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of the lifestyle and behaviors of them, western cowboys have become a sign of liberty, bravery and adventuresome. From the old cowboys make influences on American culture gradually which can be seen from not only work of art but also their paraphernalia and ideas on values. Apart from movies, songs and poetry are also vivid in describing their feelings and life. According to Harold Braverman in his article published on VOA, they just sang these songs as they rode on the saddles of their horses across the cattle lands which were very close to them. ( At that time, they fought against the deserted area and silence with the beautiful tunes and words. As Thin Lizzy sang in the song â€Å"Cowboy Song† in Live And Dangerous, â€Å"Riding in the rodeo /Roll me over and set me free†. This could explain why they are so fascinated by the riding life—they are longing for liberty, of course. Their riding with their free thinking in the wind gradually becomes a symbol which roots in American dreams about freedom. A noose, cowboy towels, clothes, cowboy hat, cowboy boots–modern cowboy costume hasn’t much difference from that in movies. Because everything has its existence value rather than is just decoration. For example, the noose is the most useful tool to control the herd. Once some cattle rush out the queue, cowboys use it to catch them which show their power and technique. The bandanna called cowboy towels is multipurpose which protect cowboys from sunburn, dust and chilliness. What’s more, the tall cowboy boots decorated with colorful leathers and spurs make it more efficient while working from horseback. I think it’s the rough and sharp surfaces that stimulate the horse to toe the line. Anyway, the wonderful images make a deep impression on ordinary people with the enthusiasm to catch the fashion dressing. To some extent, it also teaches people focus on the homemade or handwork without expensive materials. In the eyes of who advocate nature, these primary things can be just suitable. West cowboys are a group of people from all over the world who are looking for opportunities to become heroes. Most of them came from Mexico and South of America, where are close to the western America, but also are those from Nevada in Australia. To be a real cowboy, gift and acquired hard work are both required. Of course, tenacity is indispensable to a cowboy which contains too much meaning. First, he lives and accompanies with the herd. So they have self respect and show respects to the cattle at the same time for a better harmonious life. In Philip Ashton Rollins’s book The Cowboy: His Characteristics, His Equipment, and His Part in the development of the west, he mentioned that university of courage was an earmark of the cowboy’s trade. In fact, they face with the danger not only from the animals but also from the climate with Nature itself. They always stand hot, dusty, freezing weather conditions, the hard work and even damage deeply from inner alone. Most of the cowboys don’t seek fame or fortune, instead of their understanding and love of life. The cowboys have strong sense of justice, regard as a man of courage and daring, and stick to their own standards about rituals, laws and institutions outside. They are alone with the preference about the primitive life to modern urban life. But who really understand cowboy, understand their deep loneliness and magnificent? Understand they face west, grassland, herds of simple sentiment and ambitions? Perhaps, crowded cities in disgust and busy modern, more is the vast field and freedom. As traffic developed, arrived at the beginning of the 21st century, cowboy era finished. With the spread of the American culture, the cowboy culture with literature, film image, cowboy clothing, language, and the unique ballads, entertainment and so on influenced the whole world. Cowboys, with historical development and legend, become the important content of American culture, inspiring generations of America. Legend continues. How to cite The Influence of Western Cowboys in America, Papers

Economicsand Global Impacts Sri Lanka †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about theEconomics Global Impacts Sri Lanka. Answer: Introduction Tourism industry plays a major role to improve the economy of a nation. Tourism industry contributes in the economic growth and development of a nation. Along with this, it is assumed that, the tourism and hospitality sector may improve the economy of a nation. Sri Lanka that is located in South Asia has been declared a lower middle income economy by the World Bank. Moreover, the government of nation is thinking about the poverty alleviation within nation. The government is focusing on the tourism and hospitality sector to contribute to economic growth and to address the issues that are causing poverty within nations. This research paper is useful to suggest effective strategies or approaches from the tourism hospitality industry that may play a significant role in the positive economic growth as well as development of nation. Strategies/ Approaches Contribute To Economic Growth and Development For many decades, tourism hospitality industry is playing an important role in the economic growth as well as development of the nations. It can be considered a major source of economic growth for both developed and developing countries. Along with this, there are some major strategies or approaches related to tourism hospitality sector that the key stakeholders in Sri Lankan economy can adopt as well as implement for the economic growth and development of nation. For case, hybrid approach is a major approach that may contribute in the positive economic growth and development of Sri Lanka. This is an effective approach related to the tourism hospitality industry. In recent years, the hybrid approach has been emerged as an important tourism approach. The hybrid approach provides innovative business models and structures to improve the efficiency of the business (Aliu, Parlak Aliu, 2014). With the help of this approach, the government of nation may implement effective business mode ls to attract more and more international tourists. In addition to this, the hybrid approach is supposed as a new paradigm and multidimensional phenomenon in tourism hospitality industry. This is recognized as a new business model of twenty first century. This approach would also be beneficial to enhance democratic participation as well as interaction between industries and customers. Moreover, hybrid approach contributes in the growth of GDP and employment of nation (Ashley, De Brine, Lehr Wilde, 2007). The below chart is helpful to show an increase in the numbers of visitors in each and every year. An increase in the numbers of visitors/ arrivals contributes in the economy growth and development of Sri Lanka: (Source: MirrorBusiness. 2015). In the above graph, it is clear that, the numbers of visitors is increasing continuously. This is a positive sign of the economic growth of the nation. Moreover, the increased number of visitors would be helpful to improve the GDP, employment, and to reduce the poverty within nation. For case, the below graph is helpful to portray that tourism hospitality industry boosts the GDP of nation in a positive manner. (Source: Turner Freiermuth, 2016). The above graphs are helpful to demonstrate that the tourism industry directly contributes in the economy growth of a nation. The travel tourism industry improves the world economy. The increased world economy contributes in the positive economic growth of each and every nation. On the other hand, cross-sector tourism strategy is the other major strategy related to the tourism hospitality industry. This strategy is mainly beneficial for least developed countries. The cross-sector strategy offers investment incentives to tour operators. Moreover, with the help of this strategy, the tourism hospitality industry of Sri Lanka can build strong relationship with foreign tour operators; so they can motivate tourists to visit Sri Lanka at once (Saner, Yiu Filadoro, 2015). Under this strategy, the local service providers connect with global service providers. This strategy connects the local supply value chains with the global tourism industry. Cross-sector tourism strategy would be a beneficial strategy in the context of Sri Lanka. It is because of it will increase the job opportunities within nation; and consequently, there can be seen an increase in the employment of Sri Lanka. Moreover, the below graph is useful to depict that how tourism industry improves em ployment level of a nation: (Source: Turner Freiermuth, 2016). In addition to this, cross-sector tourism strategy will be beneficial to increase the earnings of Sri Lanka. The increased earnings will improve the economy GDP, and lessen poverty of nation. The below graph is valuable to show that how tourism industry increases earnings of Sri Lanka: (Source: MirrorBusiness. 2015). In the same manner, competitive strategy is one of the best strategies from the tourism hospitality industry that contributes in the economic growth and development of nation. Under this strategy, the industry becomes more competitive; and makes its possible efforts to gain the competitive advantages over the competitors (Maria, Madalina, Catalina Diana, 2008). Moreover, under this strategy, the policy makers make numerous effective initiatives to defeat their competitors. These initiatives would be advantageous to improve the productivity, efficiency, and profitability of the industry. In this way, the above discussed are the major strategies or approaches that contribute in the economic growth and development of nation. On the other hand, with the help of all these three approaches: hybrid approach, cross-sector tourism strategy, and competitive strategy, the travel tourism industry would be able to expand its business at local, national, and global level. Moreover, the growth of the industry will contribute in the economy growth and development of the nation. The positive growth indicates towards the prosperity of nation. The travel tourism industry makes a direct, indirect and induced contribution to GDP and employment of nation (Tsai, Song Wong, 2009). The below charts are helpful to portray the direct, indirect and induced contribution contributions of travel industry in the growth of employment and GDP of nation. (Source: Turner Freiermuth, 2016). Conclusion On the premises of the above analysis, it can be assumed that there are numerous strategies/ approaches such as: hybrid approach, cross-sector tourism strategy, and competitive strategy related to the tourism industry that contributes in the positive economic growth and development of nation. The key stakeholders of Sri Lanka must implement these strategies to fulfill their objectives related to economic growth as well as poverty alleviation. Along with this, all these strategies will not only improve the economy of nation; but will improve the GDP and employment level as well. On the whole, it can be said that, tourism hospitality industry of Sri Lanka will improve the economy prosperity and reduce the poverty for the positive economic growth as well as development of nation. References Aliu, A., Parlak, B., Aliu, D. (2014). Hybr?d structures ?n tour?sm ?ndustry: Innovative Models, Sociological Insights and Multilevel Approaches. Estudios y perspectivas en turismo, 23(4), 834-851. Ashley, C., De Brine, P., Lehr, A., Wilde, H. (2007). The role of the tourism sector in expanding economic opportunity. Cambridge: Harvard University. Maria, I., Madalina, T., Catalina, B., Diana, I. (2008). The factors of competitiveness in the hospitality industry and the competitive strategy of firms. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 17(2), 213-218. MirrorBusiness. (2015). How important is tourism for Sri Lankas development? Retrieved From: https://www.dailymirror.lk/98445/how-important-is-tourism-for-sri-lanka-s-development#sthash.inFEh9k8.dpuf Saner, R., Yiu, L., Filadoro, M. (2015). Tourism Development in Least Developed Countries: Challenges and Opportunities. In Handbook of Research on Global Hospitality and Tourism Management (pp. 229-255). IGI Global. Tsai, H., Song, H., Wong, K. K. (2009). Tourism and hotel competitiveness research. Journal of travel tourism marketing, 26(5-6), 522-546. Turner, R., Freiermuth, E. (2016). Travel Tourism ECONOMIC IMPACT 2016 SRI LANKA. Retrieved From: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/regions%202016/world2016.pdf